Chapter 2011 The thickness of the crucible (6)

In 1733, a clockmaker named Kay invented the flying shuttle using the spring principle inside the clock. It was actually a shuttle with small wheels at both ends of the chute.

The speed of the machine became faster and the efficiency of weaving was greatly improved. However, this was not the beginning of the industrial revolution.

As weaving efficiency increased, the supply of cotton yarn could not keep up. First of all, the cotton textile industry was not original to Britain, but imitation Indian cotton. However, in 1721, Parliament ordered an absolute ban on the import of Indian cotton yarn.

, when the supply of cotton yarn exceeded demand, the price of cotton yarn soared, and people were thinking hard about ways to improve the efficiency of cotton yarn production. But it was not until 1764, when a weaver kicked over his wife's spinning machine, that innovation really broke out.

However, with the emergence of water-powered spinning machines and mule machines, the looms did not innovate again, which meant that the output of spinning yarn was higher than the demand for British textiles, resulting in overcapacity, and various cotton yarn manufacturers cut prices one after another.

.With the decline in raw materials, the price of cotton cloth also dropped, but at this time, Britain still relied mainly on artificial textiles.

This is entirely based on lessons learned from the spinning industry. Even if someone has invented the water-powered loom, if the new loom triples the efficiency, then the 200,000 people engaged in the handmade textile industry will be reduced by 150,000.

Of course, they may not care. The year the trade agreement was implemented in 1786 happened to be the time when the U.S. Constitutional Convention was convened. George III's attack of madness was not just due to his own physical problems.

Although he was a little crazy, he was not like Louis XVI who wanted to win the War of Independence at all costs. Then there was the incident of William Pitt Jr. reforming the tax system in the hope of extracting taxes from the rich people generated by the cotton textile industry.

In other words, the prosperity of the British textile industry was caused by killing all non-European textile industries. The 1786 agreement almost killed the French textile industry, but the French were not as resigned as the Indians, and the trade implementation

The French Revolution broke out two years later. People on the frontier might not feel it, but the Paris Chamber of Commerce felt it deeply, so they donated money to buy a battleship called the "Paris Commerce".

Adults are not as obedient as children, and children have slender fingers and short stature, so they do not need to bend down to check those lines like adults.

Their pay is one-third to one-sixth of that of adults, and some even just provide food and lodging as payment. In the north and southwest, children start working at the age of four or five. At first, Peter agreed.

Regarding this approach, he publicly stated in his speech "the benefits of placing them (referring to children) in jobs for which they are qualified very early." If someone is not afraid of the trouble, he can calculate the total value of the children's earnings from now on.

, enough to supply their own needs, freeing the country from the burden.

William Pitt was very handsome, but he was not married. In his eyes, children were a burden that required investment in raising costs. It was a pity that they were not able to work as soon as they were born. The reason why he changed like this was because of many things that happened. The first is

The anti-tax riot organized by the Cotton Textile Association in 1784, and the second was the increasing crime rate.

First of all, spinning mills need to be built near water, which makes cities without active water unsuitable for building factories. Moreover, spinning mills also need a large area, and the yarn produced must be distributed to weavers working at home.

After the fabric workers completed their work on a piece-rate basis, the manager who received the product would often not pay the price agreed upon at the beginning, but would give them a 30% or 30% discount. The excuse used was that the quality of the fabric they spun was not up to standard and there was a problem.

After taking away the defective goods, they will sell them nearby, so the suburbs are an ideal location for building a factory.

This has led to factories absorbing many farmers from the suburbs, who are often restless and disrespected among the rural class. Mr. Bennett in "Pride and Prejudice" is a representative figure of the squire. He owns land and has wealth.

He had several noisy daughters but no sons, so he needed a male relative to inherit his property.

And these workers did not have any property to inherit. They were accustomed to lying and stealing. Even if theft was punished by hanging, they could not be stopped, especially children. In 1801, a 13-year-old child was sentenced to death for stealing a spoon. Many people were sentenced to death for stealing a spoon.

Children as young as 20 years old were also sentenced to hanging for stealing food, handkerchiefs, hats and other trivial trinkets.

When Robert Peel put forward the proposal, he specifically pointed out the moral corruption of young workers, and he believed that the reason for the degeneration of these people was firstly because they lived an overly mixed life, and secondly, it was caused by lack of education.

It was an argument that would impress even the most unsympathetic person, and while Peel was flattered and respected "for his humanity and loyalty to his country," the bill passed the House of Lords without obstruction.

However, when I got to the House of Commons, I got stuck during the second reading. The seat of a member of the British House of Commons can be bought. Many first-generation factory owners bought one for their sons or promising relatives. If Robert Peel Jr.

If his grades are good enough, Robert Sr. will buy him a position.

The title of this law at the beginning was "Protection of All Factories or Handicrafts", but now it is discussed as "Law for the Protection of the Health and Character of Apprentices in Cotton Mills and Other Factories". It is almost classified as a poverty relief law and is not important.

Supplementary scope.

These children did not get enough rest and exercise when they were growing up. Although they have been doing physical labor, their muscles are loose and they may not be able to fulfill their adult obligations when they grow up. And there are indeed some parents who continue to have children.

They exploit their own children for a living, and they don't care whether the children grow up or not.

Napoleon did not give Arthur Young a good look simply because after his previous travels in France, he described France as a country where the people were extremely miserable and extremely poor. The superiority of the British system was written on every page of his works.

, the food, housing and clothing of rural farmworkers in the UK are better than in France, and there are fewer cases of going without food. Tea was originally drunk by the nobles, but now it is drunk by people who are too poor to drink beer. He said beer at the breakfast table

The taste issue... In short, Muggle children cannot drink butterbeer.

At first, Robert Peel "requested" that all factory owners must abide by this law. He walked around his factory and was shocked by the sick faces and miserable faces of the apprentices, the harsh living environment, and their ignorance and badness.

He tends to feel worried. When he learns that other factories are worse, he feels that it is necessary to correct the situation and take general measures.

Now his tone has changed to: It is unreasonable to extend the law to the smallest cottages in Britain. As for the topic that "the lower classes must not be exploited to change their destiny" topic is not mentioned at all.

Factories should also be divided into different sizes. Large factories may be easier to supervise. Small factories and medium-sized factories are located in rural areas. Due to road problems, it is difficult to supervise those places. Moreover, representatives of factory owners say that these laws are harmful.

The handicraft factories were not only cotton mills, but also iron factories, glass and ceramics factories.

The changes that big factories have brought to the population are obvious. After the Glorious Revolution, the Tory landed aristocracy controlled the election of members of parliament. Some "declined constituencies" still have seats for members. Emerging workers strongly demand the redistribution of seats and the elimination of those seats.

Due to population loss, seats in declining constituencies with increasing population will be reduced, and seats will be allocated to those constituencies with increasing population, that is, emerging industrial cities will gain more seats.

If according to the regulations of the Paris Wool Weavers Guild, each weaver is only allowed to have two wide and one narrow looms in his home, and each weaver is only allowed to lead one apprentice at most, no one in the guild can

Work was not allowed to begin before sunrise, under penalty of a fine to the master craftsman, and weavers and helpers were to stop working after the first vespers bell, no matter how far they had progressed.

These regulations limited the number of looms, the number of people in the workshop, and the working hours. These regulations were not intended to protect apprentices and helpers, or to reduce exploitation, but to avoid free competition that would lead to the bankruptcy of the entire industry.

As for product regulations, full-width cloth must have equally strong warp and weft threads when weaving it in Paris. The number of threads in full-width cloth is also stipulated. Anyone who does not meet the conditions is not allowed to weave full-width cloth in Paris. The standard for full-width cloth is seven feet wide and five feet wide.

Foot length.

The wool textile industry has rules, but the cotton textile industry does not. Even the British Silk Guild, which has no sense of existence, has corresponding rules.

As for the two pieces of cloth that Georgiana randomly found in the market, their fixed lengths were different. Schaptal didn't know whether it was because he was acting too hard or because he had some hidden agenda. The sizes of looms in the homes of British weavers were all variable.

But when comparing first-class products and second-class products, there is definitely a gap, even if their styles are similar.

The same is true for people. They look similar, but are very different. The first batch of apprentices made the stewards who managed the parish orphanage a lot of money. They could wear silk, ride good horses, and wear silver pocket watches, but it was their turn to take care of them.

religious education is gone.

Peel required apprentices to attend prayer services outside or in churches on factory grounds on Sundays. In order to supervise the implementation of the law, the county's security judge should send two inspectors every year, one selected from local officials and the other from the Anglican Church minister.

Option. These inspectors have the right to enter the factory at any time and have the right to summon a doctor immediately. If there is an infectious disease call, they have the obligation to report to the county court where the security judge belongs.

As for the execution, Oliver has already told the answer. Many children ran away from the orphanage and would rather go pickpocketing on the streets than go back. In comparison, the Wu's Orphanage where Tom Riddle once stayed was like a paradise.

.

They were all wearing adult clothes, which looked like some kind of large robes that didn't fit. Britain during the Industrial Revolution always reminded her of Cokeworth, and the pale, thin boy wearing his mother's floral shirt.

The clock is ticking, and without the time turner, she would not have come up with the crazy idea of ​​rescuing the double agent who was lying in a pool of blood and dying when victory was about to come.

Why didn't Harry even think about it at that time? Arthur Weasley was bitten by Nagini just like Severus. There was an antidote at St. Mungo's. All he had to do was take him to the hospital and feed him blood.

A dose will bring him back to life.

After chatting with the "member", Georgiana walked out of the church and walked to her temporary residence surrounded by Figel and a group of French people.

Maybe she couldn't weave a tapestry like Josephine, but she could try weaving something else.

But she needs time to think carefully, otherwise the product may be a mess and not as good as the original one.
Chapter completed!