Chapter 2309 "Forest Beggar"

Jean-Charles Pichegru, a French general, was born in a peasant family near Arbois. He participated in the American Revolutionary War. In 1783, he served as a sergeant and then a sergeant in the First Artillery Regiment. After the French Revolution broke out, he supported the revolution.

He served as president of the Jacobin Club of Besançon. In 1792, he joined the Revolutionary Army. In 1793, he was promoted to major general and served as commander of the Rhine Army. In February 1794, he was appointed commander of the Northern Army and the Ardennes Army. In 1795, he led the army to occupy Amsterdam, which

Lan, Brabant, The Hague. In April of the same year, he suppressed the Geyue Uprising against the National Convention in Paris. After that, he served as the commander of the Rhine Army and the Moselle Army. In 1796, he was dismissed from his post because he had a close relationship with Prince Condé and accepted his huge bribe. 1797

In April of that year, he was elected to the House of Five Hundred. In September, he was arrested and exiled to French Guiana during the coup of 18 September. He later fled to Britain and Germany, where he engaged in anti-republican conspiracies and was expelled from Prussia.

From 1776 to 1782, Boston's policy towards neutral shipping triggered the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War. Even after the American War ended, the Netherlands continued to be at war with Britain until France was willing to negotiate a truce. William V of Orange

They opposed the war from the beginning, but the disastrous impact of the war brought widespread criticism. In the 1880s, some Dutch people were influenced by the American Revolution and formed a "patriot" group. The conservative regent also responded to the patriotism

At the request of the Patriots, they joined forces to oppose the rule of the Orange family. In 1782, citizens of the Netherlands volunteered to form a militia, and they seized power in parts of the Republic. By 1785, the patriots continued to exert pressure, demanding that the United States' system of the United States be reproduced.

However, it was rejected by the regents who were former allies and advocated reform.

The balance was suddenly overturned in 1787. William V had been expelled from the Netherlands before. His wife Wilhelmina of Prussia decided to go to The Hague to summon the regent to support the Orange regime. Her way of travel was too luxurious, and it was difficult not to attract attention.

People noticed that when she arrived in South Holland Province, she was stopped by patriotic volunteers from Gouda. The volunteers sent people to the Dutch Parliament to find out whether Wilhelmina should be allowed to continue her trip. The Dutch Parliament allowed her to go on the grounds that she had not been issued a pass.

He returned to Nijmegen, where William V ruled. The Prussian king considered this a humiliation to his family and used it as an excuse to launch an invasion.

Since the death of William III of Orange in 1702, the Netherlands has entered an era of no governance. At the same time, the Dutch Republic has also lost the opportunity to exercise equal rights with the European powers. The Netherlands is just a subsidiary foil when the powers discuss the details of the treaty. This is

The Prussian invasion did not dig up sea walls to resist like William of Orange. Six thousand patriotic volunteers were exiled to France and the Southern Netherlands. William of Orange regained control of the republic with the support of Prussia.

At this time, the Southern Netherlands was under the rule of the Habsburgs. When William V returned to power, the Austrian army also came to quell the situation in the Habsburg Netherlands. At that time, the Habsburgs were in deep trouble.

The war with Turkey required the Dutch to join an alliance against the Prussian invasion of the Netherlands. Joseph II came to the throne after Maria Theresa's death in 1780, and in 1783 he ordered the closure of many "useless" monasteries, that is, those that did not operate schools or hospitals.

The monastery, in 1784, also abolished torture in the judiciary, abolished guild restrictions on the number of apprentices and day laborers that craftsmen could recruit, and from then on, craftsmen could hire labor as they pleased, and declared marriage to be a civil contract, and burials in churches and churchyards were on the grounds of hygiene.

prohibit.

In short, Joseph II's arbitrariness in interfering with religions, societies and festivals disgusted the people, but the initial resistance was limited to the clergy. In 1787, Joseph II issued a decree to abolish the existing provincial assemblies and courts, and established central administration and justice in Brussels.

This move triggered a rebellion in the province of Brabantine. The citizen militia, which had been dying for a long time, now began to recruit volunteers, and some patriots exiled from the Netherlands joined it. The Brabantine Revolution broke out, and different factions

Anti-Joseph II opponents proclaimed the United Republic of Belgium.

The two leaders of this revolution, lawyers Henry van Denut and Jean-François Funk, were respectively influenced by Dutch patriotism, American republicanism and French Enlightenment philosophy. The reason for the disagreements in the United States was the ownership of sovereignty.

The provinces, or the "whole people", that is, all property-owning males, followed Van Denut's local powers that were deprived by Joseph II. These privileges had previously been in the hands of a small number of nobles, clergy, and wealthy merchants.

He was incompatible with Joseph II, and Joseph II saw the possibility of cooperation with Funk.

After the death of Joseph II, Leopold II of Austria succeeded to the throne and continued Joseph II's policies. This alliance was quickly disintegrated. In 1790, the Austrian army entered Brussels.

Withdrew from the war, Vandenut fled to London. Funk, who had originally hoped for the Austrians, realized that he had made a mistake, so he fled to France, hoping that France would send troops to intervene in the situation in Belgium.

In 1792, Charles Dumouriez led the French revolutionary army into the Austrian Netherlands. He was assisted by Vandenut's followers and the "Batavia Army", although the French were at Nerwinden at that time.

After the battle, the damage was serious, but morale was still high, and the march was unstoppable. In December 1794, the French controlled all the land west of the Rhine, except for Luxembourg, Mainz and Maastricht, which were protected by city walls, and crossed the glacier.

Entering the Netherlands. At that time, a Dutch fleet anchored at Tessel Island and was defeated by a group of light cavalry coming on the ice. The Republic of Batavia was proclaimed. General Pischgruppe continued to lead the "Batavia Army"

The campaign continued and finally conquered all of Belgium in 1795.

The average assassin would think of a way out, and taking poison was only available in the Middle Ages. The conscription in 1798 was related to Napoleon's expedition to Egypt. Although the first anti-French alliance ended at that time, Austria gave up its rule over Belgium, the Directory did not.

Trusting Napoleon, the continued conscription triggered the "Peasant War". Riots broke out one after another in Brabantine and Limburg. Although this large-scale resistance action was successful at the beginning, it was quickly disintegrated and many people who deserted the military service hid.

Entered the forest.

By the time France issued a conscription order in 1798, a secret organization composed of Habsburg royalists had formed in the Soignes Forest. The leader of the organization, Charles Jacqueman, was arrested in 1799 and sent to the guillotine in the Main Square of Brussels.

Became a folk hero.

In Reuven, there was a printer named Peter Kobel. He was captured and executed in 1799. Kobel originally printed Christian literature, but later his job became a disguise. He printed many pamphlets condemning the tyranny of France.

.In order to serve as a warning, although torture was abolished, daunting execution methods can still be used. Organized crime activities in the Republic of Batavia were already rampant in the 1890s. Brussels once sentenced three bandit members to

For the death penalty, they were first strangled by the neck and hung, but they were not hanged. Then they were tied to a wheel and tortured.

After waking up, Georgiana found herself in Margaret's palace in Austria, and her guardian Edgeworth told her what had happened before.

Most of the witches executed during the witch hunts were burned at the stake. It is estimated that no one has compared whether it is more painful to be roasted bit by bit by the flames or to be tortured in a round.

The Low Countries were proud of their science being far ahead of Europe, and someone wrote a book condemning the panic about witchcraft. He believed that witches were women who were unable to harm others except through natural means. However, the book was soon banned and the author was arrested.

Forced to change one's position. Martin Delio, who once taught in Liège and Louvain, published "A Treatise on Magic" in 1600. It was reprinted 25 times and to a certain extent replaced "The Witch's Hammer" and became the judge.

A guide for our witch trials.

Maria appeared like an angel of judgment and shouted in the square. Maybe the people from the French Ministry of Magic could erase the memories of city residents, but those hiding in the forest could not. Their pamphlets and rumors would all make people lose their minds.

She became the target of public criticism.

In 1800, France established a unified metric system, replacing the different weights and measures that had been used in various places since the Middle Ages. Churches that had not been converted to other uses were reopened. Maintenance costs were borne by the authorities. In exchange, the church gave up its right to claim back its confiscated property.

, and now we have to add a mother who takes care of war orphans and widows, promoting the development of Belgium's light industry and also solving the lives of war survivors.

She originally wanted to do this, but now she's not in the mood.

She had to go to bed when it got dark, and we could talk about it tomorrow morning, if a group of people with torches and pitchforks hadn't rushed in in the middle of the night, clamoring to burn her to death.
Chapter completed!