After the decline of the Western Roman Empire, Germanic tribes and kingdoms occupied a dominant position. There were basically no courts or judges to hear lawsuits among the tribes. Public gatherings were responsible for administrative, military and judicial affairs. Under such circumstances, the Germanic countries

The judiciary was also relatively complex and primitive. The Visigothic Kingdom was deeply influenced by Roman culture and stipulated witnesses, oral confessions, documentary evidence, etc., while other kingdoms and tribes used oaths as the main evidence.

During the Roman conquest, Druidism was wiped out, and in addition to being priests, Druids also played roles such as judges. Except for Northern England, which had not yet been conquered by Rome, Druids were hard to find.

The church absorbed a large amount of Roman law under the influence of ancient Roman culture. However, by the end of Rome I, the episcopal jurisdiction was mostly focused on adjusting religious affairs and rarely expanded to secular affairs. In 333, the Roman Empire gave the church the jurisdiction to judge general civil affairs.

All affairs and criminal cases will be tried by the church. If the church considers the suspect guilty, the suspect will be deprived of his religious membership and sent to a secular court.

Although the Germanic tribes in the future had strong military power, their legal construction was quite pale. After conquering Carthage, the Romans still sprinkled salt on the Carthaginian land. It was also the eighth table of the Twelve Tables of Bronze.

Article 22 stipulates that if a witness refuses to testify, he will be designated as a "dishonored person" and will be disqualified from testifying and will not be allowed to ask others to testify. Article 23 of the Eighth Table stipulates that a person who commits perjury will

, will be "thrown to death from the rocks of Tarpe".

This is different from ancient Greece, where it was not uncommon to bribe witnesses and even plaintiffs to withdraw cases in popular courts.

Before the ancient Romans introduced the popular assembly in ancient Greece, people would read out wills, appoint heirs, and adopt the freeholders at the popular assembly presided over by fortune-tellers.

The fortune teller will divine for him whether it is a good idea to adopt this independent person or give the inheritance to a certain heir, whether he will squander the inheritance, or monopolize the inheritance and not distribute it to his family.

The priestesses of the Temple of Delphi only have the duty of reading the oracle, and usually what they say is ambiguous. In the prophecy of Tycho Dodonas, "it was said that the son was cruelly exiled, the daughter fell into despair, the great avenger spread his wings in the water

", who can understand such a prophecy?

In the era of Albus Dumbledore, this prophecy was very popular. At the same time, because of the "close friend" relationship between Dumbledore and Grindelwald, Dumbledore was placed under house arrest in the school, carrying more than a trace of silk.

Advanced magic to monitor him.

In the early years when the mysterious man was still alive, he placed restrictions on so many people, and the Ministry of Magic did not say a word. When he died, these restrictions were lifted, and everyone took to the streets to celebrate.

If the mysterious man is guilty of a heinous crime, shouldn't Hagrid, who was framed by him, be proven innocent?

Oh, that was when he was a student. The mysterious man in his early years was indeed the leader who brought new hope to the wizarding world. Grindelwald also led the wizards to prevent the Muggles from destroying the world.

In the case of the American Muggle Gideon, when Gideon was defending himself, he asked the witness, "Do you have a criminal record?" The witness hesitated and said no. Later, when the case was overturned, it was not only found that he had, that

The eyewitness regarded as the key witness happens to be the real murderer.

This trick was seen during the Salem Witch Trials. Everyone was vying to be on the plaintiff's bench. In order to achieve this goal, anyone could accuse anyone.

Pomona once asked Severus what his first principle was.

Pomona knew that she should not lie or give perjury in "court", but this was neither the principal's court nor the Ministry of Magic's court. It was at most a public meeting, and she did not swear that what she said was true.

If she told everyone "honestly", no one would believe her. Even if Sprout's appearance was mediocre, it didn't mean that she was worthless.

She did not say "I don't know where they are" as she did when the Nazis asked about the whereabouts of the partisans, but she still told the disguised truth, which was much more credible than the truth.

Although the testimony of close relatives also has legal effect, it is not as good as the testimony of a third person, and may have to be avoided in some cases.

She felt that there was no need to cause a bigger trouble because a little girl fell asleep in an empty classroom.

Myrtle also disappeared overnight. Principal Perdido investigated the next morning and found that Oliver Humbey was the last one to see her, so he asked Humbey to participate in the search for Myrtle, and Humbey became the first.

The man who discovered Myrtle's body.

After Myrtle became a ghost, she would laugh when she mentioned this incident because she liked Humbey's expression at that time.

When both the jury and the prosecution determined that Gideon was the real murderer, no one thought about or doubted the credibility of the accuser. Instead, they used the accuser's criminal record as a reason to doubt the credibility of his testimony.

This kind of attack and prejudice justifies him, because people have already found Gideon guilty, and all the evidence that can prove his innocence have been rejected.

When Sirius was tried, he was even exempted from the interrogation process. Who knows that he comes from the ancient Black family, which is famous for black magic, and has a cousin like Bellatrix.

Asylum is not always a good thing. Sometimes even the patron will be implicated because the crime committed by the patron is so serious.

Dumbledore's personal conduct was impeccable, and even though newspapers published Aberforth's scandals everywhere, it could not shake people's trust in him.

However, he chose to protect Severus Snape instead of Sirius Black. After all, the fact that Severus was a Death Eater was only the testimony of Karkaroff, and Sirius blew up a Muggle

streets, and resulted in multiple deaths that were witnessed by many people.

Even if Kelly Wharton is found, the matter is not over. After what happened to the eight-eyed spider, Hagrid still did not restrain himself and continued to tame dangerous magical animals.

Who doesn’t hate such “elderly”?

Although Pomona now wanted to levitate Thicknesse with a levitation spell and slam it to the ground, she still reminded Felivi to find the last witness who saw Wharton at the time, as well as her roommates.

Time is passing, we can't wait here.

Not long after, three little girls came in, and Livi asked them to wait in the Ravenclaw lounge instead of going to class.

Their faces were a little pale, but they still talked in an orderly manner. Kelly's behavior has been a little different recently. She has become very fond of looking in the mirror.

"What are you looking at in the mirror?" Minerva asked confused.

"Maybe it's because she recently got a new hairpin." Kelly's roommate said, "She put it on her head and looked left and right in the mirror."

"What kind of hairpin?" Minerva asked.

"It looks like feathers, but they're made of silver," Kelly's roommate replied.

"I don't think it looks good, but she likes it," said another roommate of Kelly's.

"It doesn't suit her at all," the third roommate continued.

"Get to the point!" Snape shouted fiercely.

"After putting on that hairpin, she went back to the dormitory very late, and we don't know where she went," Kelly's roommate said.

Pomona remembered the "quill" that Severus had seen on the big-headed monster. Russ looked for the big-headed monster everywhere in the school, and also checked the quills in the school, but no one paid attention to it.

Hairpins on little girl's head.

"Let's go." Livi said with a headache.

The three students left, and Pomona looked at Felivi with sympathy.

The last time Myrtle happened, not only the headmaster resigned, but also the headmaster of Ravenclaw... maybe all four of them would lose their jobs.

Next, the Ministry of Magic took over Hogwarts, and she could almost foresee what would happen in the future.

Muggle school children look forward to the holidays and hate the start of school, not necessarily because they are as playful as Pinocchio's friends.

In such a school, a "learning atmosphere" is created, which is not a win-win cooperation, but a life and death situation.

Helena was always ostracized by the older kids in Muggle schools. Not only did she have no friends, but the others also wished that something would happen to her, so that there would be one less competitor. Of course, they wouldn't expect her to ask them about anything she didn't understand.

.

Some people are constantly learning to increase their competitiveness. Some people play easily and boldly, but in the end they learn nothing in school and don’t care at all about how to gain a foothold in society in the future. Gideon’s knowledge of the law was all in prison.

Learned here.

Fernandesley was a success under this rule, and Petunia felt satisfied because he provided a stable life for her and her children.

People's needs are different. Pomona took a peek at Snape. Although his hair was greasy, it was still within the range of her tolerance.

Sirius Black was so handsome that few women were not full of fantasies about him. Some were even willing to prove that they had a candlelight dinner with her on the day Sirius blew up the Muggle streets.

But when he thought about the women who also liked him, Pomona felt that it was too tiring to defeat them. Just look at Narcissa Malfoy's current state.

Some difficulties are too difficult, just like getting up in the morning and knowing that you can't make it in time no matter what, so why rush?

If you don’t want to get extra points for overcoming difficulties, then don’t add them. There are so many novel things here, as well as magical animals. However, understanding and caring for them is not part of the exam, nor can it be counted as extra points.

There is no other purpose, just because I like it. Even if it does not contribute to all mankind, it makes me happy.

Why do everyone have to live in the same way? To feel happy to get the same thing, and to feel painful to lose the same thing. As the "Happiness Manual" says, not having these things is unfortunate.

Wizards don’t have cars, but they have Floo fans. Do they still need a car if they have Floo?

Arthur thought it was necessary. After being illegally modified, he could send his children to school. He usually wouldn't need this.

She saw Thicknesse owning a flying Rolls-Royce and thought it was not as handsome as the Thestral carriage in Hogwarts.

It would be very annoying if he became the Minister of Magic. I really hope that day never comes.

She prayed like this and was so bored that she yawned.
Chapter completed!