The (1127-1279) was the continuation of the Song Dynasty. It was the political power established by the Song royal family in the south of the Yangtze River after the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty. It was also a dynasty with developed economy, cultural prosperity and scientific and technological progress in Chinese history. During the Jingkang Incident, Song Huizong and Song Qinzong He was captured by the Jin Kingdom and the Northern Song Dynasty perished. Zhao Gou, the ninth son of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, succeeded the throne in Nanjing (today's Shangqiu) of Yingtian Prefecture in the Northern Song Dynasty, and later moved the capital to Lin'an, which was known as the in history. Due to its weak military strength, the and the Jin Dynasty east along the Huai River ( Today's Huaihe River), bounded by Dashan Pass to the west and Xixia and Dali to the west. In 1279, the Battle of Yashan broke out. Zhao Bing was carried by minister Lu Xiufu and jumped into the sea to his death. The was destroyed. Although the was content with the Huaihe River The coexisted with the Jin Dynasty, Western Liao Dynasty, Dali, Xixia, Tubo and the Mongol Empire that emerged in the early 13th century. .

Introduction

The (1127 AD to 1279 AD) was a dynasty established by the Song royal family in the south of the Yangtze River after the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty. It continued to use the country name "Song" and was called the in history. The established its capital in Lin'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) and established Jiankang ( Today's Nanjing, Jiangsu) was the companion capital. Many people criticized the Song Dynasty for its military weakness, while the was a dynasty with a developed economy and a prosperous culture in China. Because Zhang Bangchang was originally a minister of the Song Dynasty and later paid gold, Kaifeng soldiers and civilians hated him, and a large part of the old Song court officials also asked him to abdicate. In desperation, Zhang Bangchang issued an edict in the name of Empress Dowager Meng to establish Kang Wang Zhao Gou as emperor. On May 1, the second year of Jingkang (1127 AD), Kang Wang Zhao Gou officially ascended the throne as Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty. .However, the rebel Zhang Bangchang was named king in the name of his meritorious service in protecting the country. In the second year of Gaozong's accession to the throne, the Jin Kingdom continued to invade the south in the name of Zhang Bangchang's dethronement. After that, in 1129 AD, the Jin Kingdom established Liu Yu As the emperor, the country was named Qi, and it was called "Pseudo Qi" in history to strengthen the rule south of the Yellow River. The Song Dynasty also carried out the Northern Expedition, commanded by Zongze, Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, Zhang Jun, Wu Jie and many other anti-Jin generals, on both sides of the Yellow River. It once defeated the puppet Qi army and the Jin Kingdom's coalition.

Emperor Gaozong Zhaogou appointed Qin Hui as prime minister in 1138 and implemented the shameful policy of suing for peace. In 1141 AD, Qin Hui dismissed the anti-Jin general Han Shizhong from military power and imprisoned Yue Fei on trumped-up charges. On New Year's Eve of that year (1142 AD) On January 28, 2001), Yue Fei and his son were killed. All other civilian and military generals who had supported Yue Fei and resolutely resisted the Jin Dynasty were also demoted one after another.

After Gaozong, the development of the Song and Jin countries was relatively stable. The Jin Dynasty also made several southern invasions, but most of them were abandoned halfway. The also conducted a northern expedition during the Xiaozong period, but failed to regain its territory. In December 1164, Zhang Jun After the failure of the Northern Expedition, the "Longxing Peace Agreement" (also known as the "Qiandao Peace Agreement") was signed, and the original title of minister to the Jin Dynasty was changed to an uncle-nephew relationship, that is, the Jin Dynasty was uncle and the Song Dynasty was nephew. The annual currency was reduced, and the contribution was reduced, and Qinzhou and Shangzhou were ceded to maintain the boundaries. The silk contribution was reduced from 250,000 pieces to 200,000 pieces, and the annual currency was reduced to 200,000 silver taels. Since then, internal strife within the continued.

After the demise of the Jin Dynasty, the not only failed to gain temporary peace, but also faced the more powerful Mongolia. After the destruction of the Jin Dynasty, the wanted to take advantage of the Mongolian retreat to regain the land occupied by the Mongols. The Mongolian army was the main force and did not have a strong military force, so although it sent troops, it failed to achieve the expected goals. This move of the became an excuse for Mongolia to invade the south. In 1235 AD, the Mongolian army invaded south for the first time and was repulsed. The Mongolian army was not willing to fail. , invaded the south twice in September of the following year and in the third year, and its front was almost close to the north bank of the Yangtze River.

Because the Song army fought bravely, they defeated the Yuan army and once again thwarted the Yuan army's attempt to cross the Yangtze River. Then, the soldiers and civilians of the , under the command of the anti-Mongolian generals Meng Ying, Yu Jie and others, defeated the Mongolian army many times, making it impossible to defeat the Mongolian army.

Don't try to take a detour. In 1259 AD, the Mongolian Khan Mengge died in the army. His brother Kublai Khan was fighting with the Song army in Ezhou. After hearing the news, he immediately withdrew his troops in order to seize the position of the Great Khan. However, the minister

Not only did Jia Sidao not send troops to pursue south, he instead asked Mongolia to seek peace in order to maintain peace and enable the Mongolian troops to smoothly return to the north.[1]

During the , paddy fields increased and yields further increased. In Suzhou, Huzhou and other places in the Taihu Lake Basin, rice yields were very large. At that time, there was a proverb that "when Suhu Lake is ripe, the world is full". Cotton cultivation expanded to the Yangtze River Basin and the Huaihe River Basin, and cotton cultivation spread throughout the country.

The textile industry became the main rural sideline industry in cotton-producing areas. There was a set of cotton textile tools for rolling, elasticizing, spinning and weaving. The ships built in the were equipped with compasses and had strong wind resistance. Overseas trade

The main ports are Quanzhou, Guangzhou and Mingzhou. Foreign trade reaches Japan and North Korea in the east and some African countries in the west.[2]

On the eighteenth day of the first month of the thirteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (February 4, 1276), the Yuan army captured the in Lin'an (now Hangzhou) and captured the 5-year-old Emperor Gongzong of the . At this time, the entire had been included in the territory of the Yuan Dynasty, but the remaining remains of the

Power Lu Xiufu, Wen Tianxiang, Zhang Shijie and others successively supported two young emperors (Duanzong, the young emperor) and established a small court. The Yuan army pursued the young emperors and fled to the south. Passing through Hong Kong, Duanzong died of illness.

After his death, he established a new ruler and fled to Xinhui to the Nanhai area. Wen Tianxiang was defeated and captured in Haifeng, and Zhang Shijie's warship sank. The desperate remnants of the finally surrendered in March, the sixth day of February in the sixteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1279).

On the 19th, with the failure of the Yashan naval battle and the death of Lu Xiufu, who had just turned eight years old, he jumped into the sea and died.

history

The Shame of Jingkang

The Jurchen leader Wanyan Aguda established the Jin Dynasty in 1115. Seeing the decline of the Liao's national power, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty sent an envoy to the Jin Dynasty to propose the alliance with the Jin Dynasty to destroy the Liao Dynasty. The Song Dynasty attacked Yanjing and returned in defeat. The Jin Dynasty captured Linhuang Mansion and the Liao Dynasty was destroyed.

The Song Dynasty paid a huge ransom to Jin in exchange for Yanjing and other places. The Jin Dynasty used the Northern Song Dynasty to accommodate the Jin rebel generals, and divided his troops to go south to Bianjing. Qinzong came to the throne, negotiated with the Jin people, and the Jin people dispersed their troops and returned north. The following year

In the second year of Jingkang (1127), the Jin people went south and captured Bianjing (now Kaifeng), taking away more than a thousand people from two sects and royal ministers and heading north. This was known as the "Jingkang Disaster" in history, and the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed.

Jianyan Nandu

During the Jingkang Incident of the Jin Kingdom, the two emperors Huizong and Qinzong were captured by the Jurchens, including queens, concubines, princes, princesses and other royal family members and confidential ministers, court ladies, court musicians, chefs, etc. were all captured by the Jurchens and went north. King Kang

Zhao Gou was spared. In 1127, the Jin Kingdom withdrew its troops from Bianjing and made Zhang Bangchang the emperor of Chu. In desperation, Zhang Bangchang issued an edict to make Zhao Gou the emperor in the name of Empress Dowager Meng. In the second year of Jingkang (1127),

Zhao Gou went south from today's Hebei Province to accompany Yingying Tianfu in Nanjing (today's Shangqiu, Henan Province) and ascended the throne as Emperor Gaozong of the . He changed the Yuan Dynasty to Jianyan. However, the traitor Zhang Bangchang was named king in the name of his meritorious service in protecting the country. Zhang Bangchang was later killed and became the only emperor of the Song Dynasty.

Killed civil servants. In the second year after Gaozong ascended the throne, the Jin State continued its large-scale invasion southward. After that, Zhao Gou traveled southward and crossed the Huaihe River to cross the Yangtze River. In 1129 AD, the Jin State established Liu Yu as emperor, with the title of Qi, to strengthen

Rule over the area south of the Yellow River. The and the Jin Dynasty were bounded by the line from Huai River to Dashanguan. In the third year of Jianyan, Jiangning Prefecture was renamed Jiankang Prefecture (today's Nanjing City) as the capital, called "Eastern Capital". Shaoxing

In the first year of the year (1131), Hangzhou was promoted to Lin'an Prefecture (today's Hangzhou City) as the "Xingzai". In the eighth year of Shaoxing, Lin'an was officially designated as the Xingdu, and Jiankang was changed to the Liudu.

Shaoxing Peace Conference

In the autumn of the third year of Jianyan's reign in the Song Dynasty (AD 1129), Jin Wushu sent his army southward. With no way to escape, he had to escape into the sea and wandered along the coast of Wenzhou for four months.

Due to the humid weather in the south and the heroic resistance of the soldiers and civilians of the , Jin commander Wanyan Wushu decided to withdraw his troops northward. When retreating north to Zhenjiang, the retreat was cut off by Song general Han Shizhong, and he was forced into Huangtiandang. Jin soldiers repeatedly

They all failed to break through the encirclement. Later, due to the advice of traitors, Jin Wushu heard that there was an old road along the Laoguan River that could lead to the Qinhuai River, so he sent out troops to dig a canal for thirty miles in a night, dug the river channel, and then exited the river through the Qinhuai River.

Entering the Yangtze River west of Jiankang City, they were able to escape to Jiankang. However, the road was still guarded by Han Shizhong's navy, and the Jin army was not allowed to cross the river. Another man from Fujian, Wang, offered advice to Jin Wushu, loading the boat with earth and bunking it.

They used flat planks and cave boats with oars, and attacked when there was no wind. Han Shizhong's army was defeated and returned to Zhenjiang, and Jin Wushu was able to cross the river and return north. This is the famous Battle of Zhenjiang, also known as the Battle of Huangtiandang. The Song army fought with eight

Thousands of troops besieged 100,000 Jin soldiers, and the two sides held a stalemate for forty-eight days. Finally, the Jin army attacked with fire and burned the Song army's ships before opening a gap and returning north in embarrassment. The Jin army was defeated by Yue Fei in Jiankang and never dared to cross the river again.

Among the "Four Generals of Zhongxing" in the , the most famous one is Yue Fei. Through the Northern Expedition, he seized the land controlled by the puppet Qi regime supported by the Jin Dynasty. However, Song Gaozong Zhao Gou was determined to negotiate peace due to various political reasons, and he conflicted with Yue Fei's Northern Expedition intention.

Yue Fei was later killed to set the stage.

Zhao Gou, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty, was afraid that if the soldiers defeated the Hui Dynasty, he would be tyrannical and difficult to control; and he was also worried that Qinzong would return to the Dynasty and inherit the throne after his death (at that time, Gaozong was infertile and had no heirs for some reason), so Gaozong appointed Qin Hui as prime minister. Qin Hui was in

During the Jingkang period, he advocated resistance to the Jin Dynasty, but was later plundered by the Jin people. In October of the fourth year of Jianyan year (1130), Qin Hui returned to the south. Because he pursued a surrender policy, he was in harmony with Gaozong's wishes. Only three months after Qin Hui returned to the court, he became

Deputy prime minister, and became the right prime minister after August. Because Qin Hui strongly advocated "south from south, north from north", which was in conflict with Gaozong's ideas at the time, he was dismissed by Gaozong a year later. After deposing as prime minister, Qin Hui kept a low profile and bided his time.

, wait for the opportunity to move.

In May of the eighth year of Shaoxing (1138), Emperor Gaozong appointed Qin Hui as the right prime minister. He implemented a policy of peace with the Jin Dynasty. Qin Hui cut off the military power of Han Shizhong, the first general who resisted the Jin Dynasty. In 1138, the Song and Jin Dynasties reached an agreement for the first time, and the took back Kaifeng.

Henan, the land of Shaanxi. Song Gaozong paid tribute to the Jin Kingdom and became a vassal in exchange for the rule of half of the country in the southeast. Later, Qin Hui persecuted officials who disagreed with him, married relatives, and made friends with internal ministers. Gaozong's behavior towards Qin Hui was just

Tacit approval. In the later period, Qin Hui's power was too great, which aroused Gao Zong's vigilance. For example, Gao Zong personally issued an order to make Qin Hui's grandson lose the number one scholar. Qin Hui's power gradually declined.

In May of the 10th year of Shaoxing (1140), the Jin people once again tore up the peace talks and invaded south. The Jin army invaded south in three directions and reoccupied Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. The Song army was commanded by many famous anti-Jin generals. The soldiers and civilians of the Song Dynasty fought bravely. The Jin army in Sichuan

The offensives in Shaanxi and Huaihe failed. In July, Jin general Wushu turned to attack Yancheng, but was defeated by Yue Fei. He turned to attack Yingchang, but was defeated again. Yue Fei took the opportunity to attack Zhuxian Town and later recovered the area south of the Yellow River, and fought with

Kaifeng was only forty-five miles away. Wu Shu escaped from Kaifeng. The northern rebels also responded to Yue Fei one after another. So much so that the Jin people lamented that "it is easy to shake the mountains, but it is difficult to shake the Yue family's army." But at this time, Gaozong won twelve gold medals in succession to urge Yue Fei to send troops to the Northern Expedition.

All the achievements were ruined. In November of the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1141), the Song and Jin Dynasties reached a written "Shaoxing Peace Agreement". The two countries were bounded by the Huaishui River and Dashan Pass. The Song Dynasty ceded Tangzhou, which had been recovered by Yue Fei.

, Dengzhou, Shangzhou, and most of Qinzhou paid tribute to the gold of 250,000 taels of silver and 250,000 pieces of silk every year.

Song Gaozong hoped to bring back the bodies of his biological mother and father, and promised Jin to kill Yue Fei [Jin saw the growing resistance in the , especially Yue Fei and other outstanding generals. He hoped to take this opportunity to get rid of Yue Fei. At the same time, Gaozong

He was also afraid that if Yue Fei really regained the lost territory of the Northern Song Dynasty, he would rescue his brother Qinzong who was kidnapped in the Jingkang incident and endanger his own throne, so he agreed to the Jin people's request to kill Yue Fei. ]. At the end of December, New Year's Eve (January 27, 1142)

), Zhao Gou and Qin Hui killed Yue Fei and his son Yue Yun on "unfounded" charges, and sent general Zhang Xian to Lin'an (now Hangzhou). The "Shaoxing Peace Treaty" was immediately implemented, and the coffin of Song Gaozong's biological father Huizong and his biological mother Weishi were returned

In the , Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty regained the control of half of the southeastern part of the country at the cost of paying tribute to the Jin Kingdom.

In the early days of his reign, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty was young and strong. He was interested in resisting the Jin Dynasty, regaining rivers and mountains, and reemployed the main war faction. With Li Gang as prime minister, Zongze guarded Bianjing. He defeated the Jin soldiers many times and made the situation slightly stable. But later Zhao Gou did not resist.

The determination of the Jin Dynasty led to the removal of Li Gang, Zong Ze and others.

Xiaozong's Northern Expedition

In the twenty-fifth year of Shaoxing (1155), Qin Hui was seriously ill. He planned to let his son take over the position, but Gaozong rejected it, and he died soon after. After Qin Hui's death, Gaozong attacked the other parties on the one hand, and re-employed surrender officials on the other.

Emperor Gaozong was unable to have children, so he adopted two of Taizu's descendants.

Zhao Yuan and Zhao Xuan chose the heir. In the end, Zhao Yuan won. In the 32nd year of Shaoxing (1162), Zhao Yuan was established as the prince and renamed Zhao Yu. In the 31st year of Shaoxing (1161), King Wanyan of Hailing, the Jin Emperor

Liang invaded the south, but was repulsed by Yu Yunwen in the quarrying battle. At this time, civil strife broke out in the Jin Kingdom, the Jin Emperor Hailing King was killed, and the Jin army returned north. This incident made Gaozong want to retreat. In June of the 32nd year of Shaoxing,

Fifty-six-year-old Gaozong issued an edict to abdicate, and Prince Zhao Yu ascended the throne as Xiaozong. He himself called himself the Supreme Emperor and lived in Deokshou Palace. After Gaozong became the Supreme Emperor, he indulged in pleasure and spent a lot of money. In the 14th year of Chunxi (1187)

Emperor Gaozong passed away on October 8, 2011.

After Xiaozong came to the throne, he reformed the government and tried to restore it. The Song Dynasty relatively entered a prosperous period. Xiaozong vindicated Yue Fei's unjust imprisonment, appointed war factions, and determined to regain the Central Plains. In April of the first year of Longxing (1163), Xiaozong ordered Li Xianzhong, Shao Hongyuan and others

Send troops to the Northern Expedition. Although the Northern Expedition was successful for a time, due to the disharmony among the generals and the mentality of underestimating the enemy, the Northern Expedition failed in only twenty days. After that, Xiaozong had no choice but to negotiate with Jin. In December of the second year of Longxing (1164), the Song Dynasty

, Jin formally signed a peace treaty, known as the Longxing Peace Treaty in history. Zhang Jun was killed and the original title of minister to Jin was changed to an uncle-nephew relationship, with Jin as uncle and Song as nephew. Jin changed the imperial edict to the letter of credence, and the annual tribute was changed to annual coins

, reduced the contribution, ceded Qinzhou and Shangzhou, and maintained the boundaries. The silk contribution was reduced from 250,000 to 200,000, and the annual coin was reduced to 200,000 silver taels. However, Xiaozong still focused on restoring the Central Plains and continued to rectify the armaments. However, due to Yu Yunwen

After the death of a number of war-fighting generals, the Northern Expedition finally came to an end. In terms of internal affairs, Xiaozong actively rectified the civil service, eliminated redundant officials, punished corruption, strengthened centralization of power, and paid attention to agricultural production. Generally speaking, the internal affairs situation of the Song Dynasty improved.

Change.

Prime Minister's Autocratic Power

After Gaozong's death, Xiaozong became increasingly indifferent to politics, and finally decided to give way to his son Zhao Dun, also known as Guangzong. However, Guangzong suffered from mental illness soon after he came to the throne and was very unfilial to Xiaozong. In the fifth year of Shaoxi (1194)

In July, Xiaozong passed away.

Guangzong was jealous by nature and did not trust the ministers around his father Xiaozong, so he became increasingly crazy two years after he took the throne. In July of the fifth year of Shaoxi, Xiaozong died of illness, and Guangzong refused to mourn. Lin'an City was in chaos and the situation was unstable. The clan family

Zhao Ruyu and Zhao Yanyu began to secretly plan to establish a new king. Finally, the Empress Dowager issued an edict, and Guangzong was regarded as the Supreme Emperor. In 1195, his son Zhao Kuo ascended the throne as Ningzong and changed his name to Qingyuan. Six years later, Guangzong

He passed away. According to historical records, Ning Zong was "unintelligent" and had a low IQ. Ning Zong was controlled by two powerful officials, Han Kanzhou and Shi Miyuan.

In the early days of Ningzong, Zhao Ruyu was appointed prime minister. Zhao Ruyu himself had good political integrity. However, because it was illegal for the royal family to serve as prime minister, and Han Yuzhou fanned the flames, he was finally dismissed. However, the people still miss him very much.

There are poems and essays in condolences. In order to completely eliminate Zhao Ruyu's influence and exclude dissidents, Han Zhouzhou used the name of scholarship to create a ban on the Qingyuan Party. He called Neo-Confucianism "pseudo-study", and many ministers in the DPRK and China who believed in Neo-Confucianism opposed Han Zhouzhou. Han Zhouzhou

In this way, all the scholar-bureaucrats who believed in Neo-Confucianism were driven out of the court.

In the sixth year of Qingyuan (1200), Han Yuzhou saw that Neo-Confucianism no longer posed a threat, so he lifted the party ban. However, the party ban was unpopular. In order to win over the scholars, Han Yuanzhou used the name of the Northern Expedition to deceive people. In the second year of Kaixi (1206)

), Han Zhouzhou rashly launched the Kaiju Northern Expedition, which quickly failed. The failure of the Northern Expedition made Han Zhouzhou the target of public criticism. His political enemy Shi Miyuan took this opportunity to form an alliance with the peace faction and the Korean opposition. And the Jin people

The killing of Han Zhouzhou was one of the conditions for peace talks. On November 3, the third year of Kaixi (1207), Shi Miyuan and others forged a secret decree and killed Han Zhouzhou. From then on, the period of Shi Miyuan's dictatorship began. Shi Miyuan colluded with Queen Yang,

In 1208, the "Jiading Peace Agreement" was signed. The relationship between the two countries was changed to uncle-nephew relationship. Song You's contribution of annual coins and silk increased from 200,000 to 300,000. Song compensated 3 million military expenses, and Jin gave up the occupation.

Dashan Pass, Haozhou, presented the head of Han Zhouzhou.

In July 1214, Song Ningzong accepted Zhen Dexiu's memorial and decided not to pay "yearly coins" to Jin Gong. At this time, the Jin Dynasty had been attacked by the Mongolian Empire and was forced to move its capital from Yanjing to Kaifeng. In order to

In order to expand its territory to make up for the territory occupied by Mongolia, the Jin Dynasty sent troops to invade the south in the name of the Song Dynasty no longer accepting Sui coins, but failed.

Ning Zong originally had eight sons, but they all died in infancy. So he made Zhao Hong, the son of King Yi, the crown prince. Zhao Hong was very dissatisfied with Shi Miyuan's dictatorship. Therefore, Shi Miyuan deposed Zhao Hong as the crown prince and appointed Zhao Yun as the heir to the throne.

On the third day of the eighth month in the seventeenth year of Jiading (1224), Ningzong died. Zhao Yun succeeded him as Lizong. However, Shi Miyuan continued his dictatorship, and Zhao Yun also pursued the strategy of keeping a low profile and keeping a low profile. Shaoding Six

In October of 1233, Shi Miyuan passed away. Lizong finally got rid of Shi Miyuan's shadow. The next year, Lizong changed his name to Duanping and implemented a series of reform measures, which is known as "Duanping Genghua" in history. Lizong transferred Shi Miyuan to

The Yuanjiu Party was all dismissed, and the government was once again improved.

The was relatively stable during the Xiaozong and Ningzong dynasties. However, after Ningzong, traitors and sycophants were in power, politics was corrupt, and the country's power declined day by day.

Lian Meng Kang Jin
To be continued...